Official suburbs and other localities with names that are definitely or most probably of Scottish origin are:
For comparability with other large cities around the world, Melbourne has been defined as the entire metropolitan area extending from Werribee and Melton in the west to Monbulk, Pakenham and Cranbourne in the east. Also included in this area is the western half of the Mornington Peninsula. Of the names of the 515 suburbs, neighbourhoods and municipalities in Metropolitan Melbourne, 116 (22.5%) can be found in Scotland, or are based on Scottish family names or Scottish words. Of course, some of the names are used in other parts of the British Isles as well, but many of them (14.6%) are unique to Scotland or are readily identifiable with places in Scotland that are based on the same names.
- Abbotsford (Scottish Borders - the residence of Sir Walter Scott). While there is also an Abbotsford in West Sussex, England, the name of this suburb seems to have a definite link with Scotland. According to one source (Barnes, 1964), an American admirer of Sir Walter Scott by the name of Moss settled here in 1859 and named his home after Sir Walter's residence. A second source (Kennedy & Kennedy, 1989) attributes the name to an estate owned by John Orr in the neighbouring suburb of Kew.
- Aberfeldie (Perthshire, spelt Aberfeldy, near where the Black Watch Regiment was formed in 1739. See illustration). This suburb takes its name from the estate (Aberfeldie Park) of the Napier family, pioneers in the district.
- Ardeer (North Ayrshire).
- Armadale (two places in Highland and one in West Lothian). The suburb was named after Armadale House, the residence of James Munro (1832-1908), Premier and Attorney-General, who was born in Armadale in the former Scottish county of Sutherland (now part of Highland).
- Arthur's Seat (mound in Edinburgh. The Melbourne Arthur's Seat has a chairlift!). This is possibly the oldest Scottish place name in Metropolitan Melbourne, predating the City of Melbourne itself, and was named by Lieutenant Murray in 1802.
- Balwyn and Balwyn North - Balwyn is apparently a name that was made up by Andrew Murray (1813-1880), a Scots editor, journalist and wine connoisseur. He established a vineyard where Fintona Girls' School now stands and named his house 'Balwyn', meaning 'house of the vine', using the Gaelic 'Bal' and the Saxon 'Wyn'.
- Bellfield (Aberdeenshire, Fife, Highland, Perth & Kinross and South Lanarkshire).
- Blairgowrie (Perthshire).
- Braeside (Aberdeen City and Inverclyde).
- Broadmeadows (Dumfries & Galloway and three places in the Scottish Borders). Although this name also occurs in northern and central England, the Melbourne suburb was actually named for an estate in Berwickshire, a former county that now forms part of the Scottish Borders.
- Burnside (two places in Angus and one place in each of Fife, Moray, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian; also Robert Burns, Scotland's national poet).
- Cairnlea (South Ayrshire and Stirling).
- Calder Park (Calder in Highland and Renfrewshire, both minor rivers; Calder Water in North Lanarkshire gave its name to Calderpark in Glasgow, the site of the former Glasgow Zoo). It is not certain whether this suburb necessarily has a Scottish name since Calder also occurs in northern England.
- Campbellfield - although there are no places in Scotland with this precise name, Campbell is a well-known Scottish family name. The Campbells were once the most powerful of all the Highland clans. The origin of the name is Gaelic - Cambeul -meaning 'crooked mouth'. It is uncertain as to which particular Campbell this suburb owes its name - Neil Campbell, J. D. Lyon Campbell or some other pioneer. The area became popular with Scottish settlers, a Presbyterian Scots Church being built on Sydney Road (Hume Highway) in 1842 (the bluestone structure, erected a little later in 1855, is now on the Victorian Heritage Register).
- Carnegie (Angus). Known originally by another Scottish name (Ross Town), the name of this suburb was changed in 1906 in honour of Andrew Carnegie, the Scottish-American steel-maker and philanthropist who was born in Dunfermline, Fife - see the illustration of his birthplace.
- Chirnside Park - there is a Chirnside in the Scottish Borders, as well as a Chirnsidebridge and a hotel called Chirnside Hall. The suburb takes its name from the pastoral run purchased in 1854 by Thomas Chirnside and his brother Andrew, emigrants from Berwickshire, Scotland in 1839 (Thomas) and 1840 (Andrew).
- Coldstream (Scottish Borders).
- Craigieburn (Falkirk and Dumfries & Galloway). The Melbourne suburb took its name from an old bluestone inn, which had been named after the village or hill in Dumfries-shire east of Moffat on the A708.
- Dallas (Moray). The suburb honours Sir Dallas Brooks, Governor of Victoria from 1949 to 1963.
- Flemington (Angus, Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire; also Flemington House and Loch Flemington in the former shire of Inverness). Although a place by this name can also be found in Wales, the local historical evidence strongly suggests a connection with Scotland, either through Flemington in Inverness-shire or, less likely, Robert Fleming, a local businessman who supplied meat to patrons of the nearby race course. The most probable explanation is that the pastoralist and land speculator James Watson (see also Keilor, Roseanna and Watsonia below) named it after 'Flemington Estate' which his father-in-law managed. According to the Librarian at Moray Council, there is still a farm called Flemington situated between Nairn and Inverness.
- Gladstone Park - there are places called Gladstone and Gladstone Boreland in South Lanarkshire, and Gladstone Farm in Renfrewshire. Gladstone is a Scottish family name, well established in Lanarkshire by the thirteenth century (Herbert de Gledstan was one of the signatories of the Ragman Roll). The most famous bearer of this name was William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898), one of Queen Victoria's Prime Ministers. Although born in Liverpool, his parents were both Scottish and he proudly claimed that "not a drop of blood in my veins is not Scottish." The name of this Melbourne suburb comes from a property owned by Thomas Gladstone between 1869 and 1883.
- Glen Huntly (there is a Huntly in Aberdeenshire, as well as many other references to Huntly throughout Scotland as in Huntly Burn, Castle, Cott, Hall, Rigg, etc). Glen Huntly was the name of a fever-stricken ship that docked in Port Phillip Bay in 1840. A quarantine station was set up on Point Ormond, Elwood (then known as Red Bluff).
- Glen Waverley and Mount Waverley (Waverley railway station in Edinburgh - see illustration. The name comes from the Sir Walter Scott novels). There is also a Waverley Abbey in Surrey, an English Heritage site. Founded in 1128 but now a ruin, Waverley Abbey was the first Cistercian monastery set up in Britain. It is possible that Sir Walter may have named his novel for this abbey. These Melbourne suburbs derive their names from that of an earlier township (now the suburb of Malvern East) which had been privately surveyed in 1853 and which was named Waverley by its owner after the Sir Walter Scott novels.
- Glenbervie (Aberdeenshire and Falkirk).
- Glenferrie has a definite connection with Scotland although there is no place in Scotland by this name. The name owes its origin to a property in the area owned by a Scottish settler, Peter Ferrie.
- Glengala - possibly based on Gala Water, the river in the Scottish Borders on which the town of Galashiels is situated.
- Glenroy (valley in Lochaber, Perthshire). This suburb takes its name from an estate owned by Duncan Cameron, who named it after a place in Inverness-shire from which he came. As noted in the Monash University website, "Cameron was one of several Scots farmers in the district whose tenure is still visible in the bluestone Scots church at Campbellfield."
- Gowanbrae - there are no Scottish towns or villages by this name. However, Gowanbrae is the name of a guesthouse, built in 1917, in Dufftown, Moray. In a communication received from its owners, it was stated that this guesthouse has always been known as Gowanbrae and that it receives many Australian visitors. Gowanbrae is one of Melbourne's newest suburbs (1990), which increases the chances that it may have been named by a visitor to the Scottish guesthouse. There is also a Gowanhill in Aberdeenshire, south-east of Fraserburgh as well as on the outskirts of Edinburgh. Gowan is a Scots word for a daisy, more particularly the mountain daisy and the element 'brae' (pronounced bray) means a hill or hillside.
- Gowrie (Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire). It is very likely that this suburb was named for the Earl of Gowrie, Brigadier-General Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven (1872-1955), who was Governor-General of Australia from 1936 to 1944.
- Greenvale (Highland, two places in the Orkney Islands and one in the Shetland Islands). This may be a purely descriptive name, with no reference to any of its namesakes in Scotland. A Scottish connection cannot be ruled out, however, given the proximity of the suburb to several other localities in this part of Melbourne with Scottish names.
- Hume (Scottish Borders). The Hume/Home family was powerful in the Scottish Borders - that's their tartan here. The name of this municipality honours Andrew Hamilton Hume (1797-1873), explorer. He was born at Parramatta in New South Wales; his name certainly suggests the probability of some Scots ancestry.
- Ivanhoe and Ivanhoe East - Ivanhoe is the title of one of Sir Walter Scott's novels but the setting for this novel was Medieval England, which accounts for the rather 'un-Scottish' name.
- Kealba - this appears to be a made-up name, derived from Keilor (see below) and its other neighbour St Albans and is therefore indirectly Scottish in origin. Alba, incidentally, is the Gaelic name for Scotland.
- Keilor (Perth & Kinross, spelt Keillour; also Inverkeilor in Angus) and Keilor Downs, Keilor East, Keilor Lodge, Keilor North and Keilor Park by association. Keilor appears to have been named by James Watson (see also Flemington, Roseanna and Watsonia) after his father's farm near Forfar in Angus. Keilor is said to mean 'plenty' in Gaelic. Reed (1973) falsely attributes an Aboriginal meaning ('brackish water') to the name Keilor.
- Kerrimuir (Angus, spelt Kirriemuir).
- Kilsyth (North Lanarkshire) and Kilsyth South by extension.
- Lyndale (Lyndale Point on Loch Snizort, Isle of Skye).
- Macaulay - the MacAulays are a Scottish clan descended from two entirely separate sources, Gaelic and Norse.
- Macleod and Macleod West - Macleod is an ancient Scottish clan of Norse origin whose ancestral seat is Dunvegan Castle on the Isle of Skye. These suburbs were named after Malcolm Alexander MacLeod, an early pioneer. Many of the streets in Macleod have Scottish names.
- McCrae - this suburb on the Mornington Peninsula was named for Andrew and Georgiana McCrae who came to Melbourne from Scotland in the 1840s.
- McKinnon - the MacKinnons are a branch of the Clan Alpin, claiming descent from Fingon, a great-grandson of Kenneth MacAlpin. The name means 'son of the fair born' in Gaelic.
- Menzies Creek - Menzies is a Scottish family name of Norman origin. Robert de Meyners, Great Chamberlain of Scotland, is credited with having taken the name to Scotland in the 13th century. Australia's - and Melbourne's - most famous Menzies was Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 and 1949 to 1966. The photo of the portrait of Sir Gordon was taken in Menzies Castle in Perthshire where it hangs in a place of honour.
- Montrose (Angus). One of the reasons for the popularity of the name Montrose throughout the English-speaking world may have to do with Sir Walter Scott's novel The Legend of Montrose, published in 1819.
- Moreland (Perth & Kinross). The suburb takes its name from the estate of the first settler in the area, Dr. Farquhar McCrae, which was named, in turn, for his estate in Jamaica.
- Niddrie (Edinburgh and Longniddry in East Lothian). The name comes from the Brythonic (a form of Welsh once spoken in that part of Scotland) 'newydd' meaning "new", and 'tref' a "house" or "hamlet".
- Olivers Hill - there is an Oliver in the Scottish Borders.
- Ormond (Ormond Castle in Highland, now a ruin but once the home of the Black Douglases many centuries ago). According to O'Callaghan (1918) this suburb was named for Captain Francis Ormond, commander of the immigrant ship 'John Bull' which arrived in Melbourne in 1840 but more recent sources suggest his son, Francis Ormond, the Victorian philanthropist. On the other hand, Point Ormond, a promontory on Port Phillip Bay, was definitely named after Captain Ormond.
- Patterson Gardens and Patterson Lakes - Patterson is a variant spelling of the Scottish family name of Paterson ('Patrick's son'). The Paterson clan was originally located on the north side of Loch Fyne in Argyll. Patterson, according to Black (1996), is one of the most common family names in Scotland.
- Rosanna has a definite connection with Scotland. The suburb was named for Elizabeth Anne Rose, the wife of James Watson (see Watsonia below). Both Elizabeth and James had emigrated from Scotland.
- Roxburgh Park (Roxburgh in the Scottish Borders).
- Ruthven (Aberdeenshire, Angus, Scottish Borders, Highland and Moray).
- Skye (Inner Hebrides).
- Spotswood (Scottish Borders, spelt Spottiswoode). The spelling of the name of this suburb was originally 'Spottiswoode', as in Scotland, having been named after Captain George Spottiswoode but was changed to Spotswood to honour John Stewart Spotswood, a prominent pioneer.
- St Andrews Beach (St Andrews, Fife and the patron saint of Scotland).
- St Kilda (Western Isles - see illustration above) and St Kilda East and West by association. According to the Penguin Dictionary of British Place Names (2003) the name of this remote island derives from an Old Norse word 'skildar' meaning 'shields', creating a bogus 'saint' in the process of its anglicisation. The suburb took its name from a cargo yacht "Lady of St. Kilda" which was anchored in Port Phillip Bay during 1841-42, having been put up for sale or barter.
- Strathmore (Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll & Bure, Highland and Perth & Kinross) and Strathmore Heights by extension. Known originally as North Essendon, the name of the suburb was changed during the 1940s in honour of the late Queen Mother, her parents being the Earl and Countess of Strathmore. The Strathmore crest is shown here.
- Upfield - this suburb can be claimed for Scotland since, according to Barnes (1964), the name is a contraction of 'Upper Campbellfield'. Upfield was the name given to the railway station built in 1959 to service the Ford Motor Company assembly works, the name subsequently being applied to the suburb that quickly developed around the station.
- Viewbank (Aberdeenshire and Perth & Kinross).
- Watsonia and Watsonia North - the names of these suburbs commemorate a Scotsman, James Watson, who came to Melbourne in 1839 as a pastoral agent for English and Scottish investors and who purchased land for himself as well (see also Flemington, Keilor and Roseanna above).
- Westmeadows - like Upfield (see above), this name can arguably be claimed for Scotland since it is based on Broadmeadows, its eastern neighbour. Broadmeadows, as indicated above, was named for a place in the Scottish Borders.
Other suburbs and neighbourhoods with names that can be found in Scotland but that are not unique to Scotland are:
- Avondale Heights (Avondale in the Shetland Islands) - Avondale is also found in England and Ireland. It has been suggested that the name of this suburb honours the Duke of Clarence and Avondale.
- Bangholme - there is a Bangholm Bower and Bangholm Terrace in the City of Edinburgh. There is disagreement as to whether the origin of the name of this suburb is Scottish. Barnes (1964) attributes it to "a place in Scotland", without specifying where precisely, whereas a Monash University website (Australian Places) suggests that it is a combination of an Aboriginal word "baungan", possibly meaning 'hut' and the Old Norse word for a water meadow.
- Baxter - there is a Baxterknowe in Perth & Kinross and Baxtersyke in East Lothian, both based on this Scottish family name (see tartan). Baxter was (and still is) a common surname in Angus. It is an occupational name derived from the Old and Middle English words for a baker. Baxter also appears in several place names throughout England and there is a Baxter's Bank in mid-Wales as well. The Melbourne suburb was named for Benjamin Baxter, Clerk to the Bench of Magistrates in Melbourne in 1838 and a landowner in the area. Although bearing a Scottish name, Benjamin Baxter actually came from Ireland.
- Bell (Bell Bay in North Ayrshire, Bell Craig in the Scottish Borders and in Dumfries & Galloway, Bell Hill in Borders, Bell Rock in Fife and South Ayrshire, Bell Sike in Borders, Bell Stane in North Ayrshire, Bell Wood in Aberdeenshire, plus many others). Place names starting with this Scottish family name are also found all over England.
- Bellevue (Dumfries & Galloway, Highland, Orkney Islands and Perth & Kinross) also in England, Ireland and Wales, sometimes spelt Belle Vue. As far as local historians can tell, the Melbourne suburb was given its name for purely descriptive reasons.
- Berwick (Aberdeenshire, and the name of a former border county of Scotland) but the name also occurs frequently in England and Wales. According to the Berwick Historical Society (Stephan, 1994) this Melbourne suburb, which started out life as an agricultural settlement, was named after Berwick-upon-Tweed, the English-Scottish border town in Northumberland. This town, which was originally Scottish, changed hands between Scotland and England at least 13 times between 1296 and 1482. As reported in the Rampant Scotland Newsletter of 9 October 2004, a Berwick-upon-Tweed City Councillor is on record as having suggested that "in Berwick, 25% of people think of themselves as Scottish, 25% as English and 50% as Berwickers." It may interest readers to learn that Berwick-upon-Tweed Football Club is the only English club in the Scottish League.
- Black Rock (Argyll & Bute, Highland and the Orkney Islands) but just as common in England and is also found in Ireland and Wales. The Melbourne suburb was actually named for a place in Ireland, possibly the Black Rock in Dublin Harbour.
- Blackburn (Aberdeenshire, Borders, Dumfries & Galloway, Highland, Moray, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian) and Blackburn North and South by association; Blackburn is found just as frequently in northern England. The suburb may have been named either for George Blackburn, an early pioneer, or after James Blackburn, who designed Melbourne's Yan Yean water supply.
- Brookfield (Renfrewshire) also all over England and on the Isle of Man.
- Burleigh (Perth & Kinross) also in southern England. Burleigh Castle near Kinross is shown above.
- Carrum (Perth & Kinross) and Carrum Downs by association. This is an Aboriginal name, however, and is therefore only coincidentally Scottish. These suburbs ultimately take their name from a swamp known in the 1840s by its Aboriginal name (Carrum Carrum, Garrum Garrum, or Garem Gam).
- Clayton (Fife) and South Clayton by association, though far more commonly found throughout England. These suburbs are named for John Hughes Clayton, an early landowner, whose ancestry has not been recorded.
- Coatesville - there are places called Coates in the City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Fife and Midlothian) but Coates also features in many English place names.
- Deer Park (Dumfries & Galloway, and Highland) also three places in England. The name of the Melbourne suburb is probably purely descriptive of the fact that deer were once kept in the area by the Melbourne Hunt Club.
- Dennis (Dennis Loch, Head and Ness in the Orkney Islands) but Dennis also occurs in English place names.
- Fairfield (Clackmannanshire, Shetland Islands and Stirling) even more commonly found throughout England and is also found in Ireland. This name of this suburb comes from a place in Derbyshire, England and therefore has no connection with Scotland.
- Forest Hill (a hill in Dumfries & Galloway) but far more likely to be named for one of the many places in England, including the south London suburb. Melbourne historians consider this to be a descriptive name, taken from the name of a cottage occupied by a Captain Bunbury, but it is nevertheless interesting to note that an early name for this area was Scotchman's Hill.
- Graham (there are many places in central and southern Scotland beginning with Graham from the surname) also a few just over the border in Northumberland and Cumbria. The most famous bearer of the name was the brilliant soldier James Graham, the 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612-50). His statue in the town of Montrose is shown here.
- Hallam (Highland). There are, however, many places in central England with Hallam as part of the name, for example, Hallam Fields in Derbyshire and Hallam Moors in South Yorkshire; also Hallam University and Hallam Football Club in Sheffield. The Melbourne suburb was actually named after William and Mary Hallam (ancestry not reported), who in 1856 purchased fifty acres on the corner where the Hallam's Road Hotel now stands.
- Hawthorn (Scottish Borders) and Hawthorn East by association; also found in England and Wales. There is no apparent connection with Scotland in the case of these Melbourne suburbs, which were named after Lieutenant Hawthorne of HMS Phantom. When Hawthorne was proclaimed a municipal district in 1860, a clerk accidentally omitted the letter "e" at the end of the name.
- Hillside (Aberdeenshire, Angus, City of Edinburgh, Dumfries & Galloway, Fife, Inverclyde, Moray, Orkney Islands, Perth & Kinross, Shetland Islands and South Lanarkshire) but just as commonly found in England, sometimes spelt Hill Side, and is also found in Wales.
- Kings Park (City of Glasgow and Stirling) also in Bournemouth, England and Carmarthenshire, Wales.
- Kingston (Angus, City of Glasgow, East Lothian, Moray and Renfrewshire) also all over southern England and in Ireland and Wales. The name of this Melbourne municipality commemorates Richard and John King, two brothers who owned a grazing property in early pioneer days.
- Knox and Knoxfield - there is a Knox Hill in Aberdeenshire, Knox Knowe in the Scottish Borders and Knoxfauld in Perth & Kinross but the name is also found in England, including the village of Knox on the outskirts of Harrogate in North Yorkshire. The City of Knox and the suburb of Knoxfield honour Melbourne-born Sir George Hodges Knox, Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly between 1942 and 1947 and long-serving member of the Assembly for Upper Yarra and Scoresby (1927-1960). It is not known whether Sir George had Scottish ancestors. The statue of John Knox (1513-1572), the leader of the Reformation of the church in Scotland is illustrated here.
- Manor (Stirling) but very common throughout England.
- Mill Park (Argyll & Bute) also in Cornwall, England.
- Montague (Perth & Kinross) also in England.
- Mount Cooper - places based on the family name Cooper are found throughout both Scotland and England.
- Newlands (Scottish Borders and City of Glasgow) also in England.
- Newmarket (Western Isles) also in England and Ireland. The reason for naming this suburb appears to be descriptive of the cattle market that had been newly established in the area.
- Newport (Highland) also in England, Ireland and Wales - Newport is Wales' third largest city and is also one of the best known towns on the Isle of Wight in southern England.
- Preston (Scottish Borders and East Lothian) but commonly found throughout England and is actually named after Preston in Sussex.
- Red Hill (Aberdeenshire) also all over England.
- Solway (an arm of the Irish Sea known as Solway Firth, bordered on the north by Dumfries & Galloway) - there is also a Solway Moss in Cumbria, the scene of King James V's defeat by the English in 1542. The Solway Firth (pictured here) is effectively a continuation of the border between Scotland and England.
- Southbank (Aberdeenshire, Midlothian (spelt South Bank) and North Ayrshire) also in England and Wales, spelt South Bank. The name of this new district of Melbourne is purely descriptive of its situation on the south bank of the Yarra River.
- The Basin (Orkney Islands) also in England and Wales. There is unlikely to be a connection between the name of this suburb and any of the places in Britain. It is believed that The Basin was given its name by the Victorian Government Botanist, Baron Ferdinand von Mueller in the 1850s, who noticed the basin-like appearance created by the surrounding mountains.
- Thomastown (Aberdeenshire) but found more commonly in Ireland and is also found in Wales. One theory attributes the origin of the name of this suburb to the fact that during the 1850s there were a large number of families in the area with the surname of Thomas. If this is indeed the reason, then the connection is more likely to be Welsh than either Scottish or Irish.
- Victoria Park (City of Glasgow) also all over England. The Melbourne neighbourhood was named no doubt in honour of Queen Victoria.
Other place names in Melbourne that have a "Scottish ring" to them, but that have not yet been established as places that actually exist in Scotland or that are connected with the country in other ways include Clarinda, Glen Eira, Glen Iris and Officer. Glen Eira and Glen Iris may well prove, on further investigation, to have a Scottish connection. Glen Eira, however, sounds distinctly Welsh ('snow valley') though this name is improbable in sunny Melbourne. One wonders whether Clarinda, a neighbourhood in Clayton South, refers to one of Robert Burns's sweethearts, Agnes MacLehose (née Craig), a married woman and Edinburgh socialite who corresponded with the Scots poet under the pseudonym of Clarinda. Burns's correspondence with "Clarinda", using the pen name "Sylvander", was an open secret. The fact that the denomination of the first church established in Clarinda was Presbyterian suggests that many early settlers were Scottish, which strengthens the case for a possible link between Scotland and Melbourne's Clarinda. Officer, on the eastern outskirts of Metropolitan Melbourne, is unlikely to have a Scottish connection but there is an Officer's Croft in Dumfries & Galloway, the only place in the British Isles with 'Officer' as part of its name.
Acknowledgments:
- Les Barnes (1964). Place Names of Melbourne and Suburbs. (State Library of Victoria).
- Monash University Online Gazetteer of Australian Cities, Towns and Suburbs.
- Debbie Stephan (1994). Place Names of Berwick (City of Berwick Historical Pamphlet 3).
- T. O'Callaghan (1918). Names of Victorian Railway Stations. (H.J. Green, Acting Government Printer, Melbourne).
- Ian D. Clark and Toby Heydon (2002). Dictionary of Aboriginal Place Names of Melbourne and Central Victoria. (Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages, Melbourne).
- A.W. Reed (1973). Place Names of Australia (A.H. & A.W. Reed, Sydney).
- Brian and Barbara Kennedy (1989). Australian Place Names (Hodder & Stoughton, Sydney).
- James D. Scarlett (1975). The Tartans of the Scottish Clans. (Collins, Glasgow and London).
- George F. Black (1996). The Surnames of Scotland (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh).
- Melway, 2003 (Melway Publishing Company).
- Lenore Frost, member of the Essendon Historical Society.
- Members of the Victorian Committee of the Australian National Place Names Survey in general and Judith Scurfield, State Library of Victoria, in particular, for assistance with place names on the Mornington Peninsula.
- Websites, place name gazetteers and published Ordnance Survey maps of British and Irish cities, towns, villages and counties.
© Ian Kendall
If you wish to contact Ian about his research, his e-mail address is iankendall@bigpond.com.
Melbourne, Australia, June 2004
(Revised September 2005)
